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THE HISTORY OF MILAN Origins and Roman period Milan was born as a settlement of the Insubre Celts with the name of Mediolanum, then conquered by the Romans in 222 BC. It quickly became a strategic city and, in 286 AD, the emperor Diocletian elected it the capital of the Western Roman Empire. In Milan, in 313, the Edict of Constantine was promulgated which recognized freedom of worship for Christians. Christian and Medieval Milan With the fall of the Roman Empire, Milan was invaded by the Goths, Lombards and finally by the Franks. In the Middle Ages it became an important religious centre, thanks to the figure of Saint Ambrose, bishop and patron saint of the city, who gave impetus to Christianisation. In the 12th century it was established as a free municipality and was a protagonist in the struggles against the Empire, such as in the Battle of Legnano (1176). . The Visconti and Sforza era From 1277, the Visconti family took over and transformed Milan into a powerful and refined lordship. Gian Galeazzo Visconti made Milan the capital of a vast duchy and began construction of the Cathedral in 1386. In 1450, the Sforza family rose to power, with Francesco Sforza and then Ludovico il Moro. The latter called Leonardo da Vinci to court, who painted “The Last Supper” here. Foreign dominations: Spanish and Austrian In 1499 Milan fell under French control, then passed to the Spanish in 1535. It was a difficult period: plague, famine and decadence. From 1706 to 1796 Milan was part of the Habsburg Empire, with a notable cultural and administrative recovery. The Milanese Enlightenment flourished thanks to intellectuals such as Cesare Beccaria and Pietro Verri. Napoleon and the Risorgimento In 1796, Milan was occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte, who made it the capital of the Cisalpine Republic and then of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. After the Congress of Vienna (1815), it returned to Austrian control. Milan was a protagonist of the Risorgimento uprisings, in particular the Five Days of Milan in 1848, which led to the temporary expulsion of the Austrians. Milan in the united Italy and the 20th century With the unification of Italy (1861), Milan became a key industrial and financial hub. Important companies were born (Pirelli, Edison, Alfa Romeo) and the railways developed. In the 20th century, Milan was hit hard by the bombings of the Second World War. In the 1950s and 1960s it became the heart of the Italian “economic miracle” and of fashion, design and advertising. Famous people born in Milan Culture, art and literature Alessandro Manzoni (1785): author of The Betrothed, father of the modern Italian language. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893): writer and engineer, author of That Ugly Mess on Via Merulana. Giorgio Strehler (1921): theatre director, founder of the Piccolo Teatro in Milan. Music Giuseppe Verdi (of Emilian origin, but lived in Milan and debuted at La Scala). Lucio Dalla (from Bologna but artistically raised here). Mina (born in Busto Arsizio but a Milanese icon of the 60s). Tiziano Ferro (not Milanese by birth, but an artist with ties to the city). Mahmood, Fedez, Chiara Ferragni: new contemporary pop icons. SOME PHOTOS AND HISTORICAL POSTCARDS OF MILAN

MUNICIPALITY OF VERONA WHAT TO SEE EVENTS THE STORY THE MUNICIPALITY EMERGENCY

THE HISTORY OF VENICE The origins between water and shelters Venice was born in the 5th century AD on islands in the Venetian lagoon, where the inhabitants of the mainland took refuge to escape the barbarian invasions (Huns, Lombards). Initially formed by small settlements of fishermen and traders, in a few centuries it became an autonomous center thanks to its strategic position between East and West. The Republic of Venice and the Dogedom In 697 the first doge was elected, and in the following centuries Venice transformed into a powerful Maritime Republic. The city built a network of trade with the Byzantine Empire, Islam and Europe, establishing a mercantile empire that extended to the eastern Mediterranean. The Venetian fleet was one of the most powerful in the world. . Venice in the Middle Ages and the Crusades During the Middle Ages, Venice actively participated in the Crusades, especially the fourth (1204), from which it obtained Byzantine territories. During this period it was enriched with artistic and architectural treasures, including the Basilica of San Marco, the symbol of the city. The wealth derived from trade made it one of the most refined cities in Europe. The height of Venetian power (14th–16th century) Between the 14th and 16th centuries, Venice experienced its heyday. It controlled territories in Dalmatia, Crete, Cyprus and much of north-eastern Italy (the Terraferma). Art, architecture and trade flourished in the city. Figures such as Tintoretto, Titian, Giorgione and Palladio contributed to creating an unparalleled cultural heritage. The Decline: Wars and New Routes From the 16th century onwards, Venice began a slow decline. The discovery of new ocean routes reduced the importance of its trade. Furthermore, wars with the Ottoman Empire and other European states weakened its resources. However, the city remained a centre of art, literature and culture of the highest level. The end of the Republic (1797) In 1797, after over a thousand years of independence, the Republic of Venice was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte with the Treaty of Campo Formio. Its territories were ceded to the Austrian Empire. It was the end of one of the longest-lived republics in history. Venice then passed between French and Austrian hands, until the Risorgimento. Venice united with Italy In 1866, Venice was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after the Third War of Independence. A period of adaptation began, with land reclamation, industrial development and growing tourism. During the First World War, the front was nearby, and the city was bombed. In the twentieth century, Venice became famous for its heritage and for events such as the Biennale and the Film Festival. Venice Today: City of Art and Fragility Today, Venice is one of the most visited cities in the world. It has been a UNESCO heritage site since 1987, but it suffers from problems related to mass tourism, high water and environmental protection. Projects such as MOSE try to protect it from floods. Despite the difficulties, it continues to enchant with its uniqueness: canals, gondolas, palaces suspended over the water, and a timeless atmosphere. Famous people born in Venice Culture, art and literature Titian Vecellio (1488/90–1576): one of the greatest painters of the Renaissance. Jacopo Tintoretto (1518–1594): master of colour and movement. Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793): father of modern Italian comedy. Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798): adventurer, writer and seducer famous throughout Europe. Music Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741): Baroque composer, author of the Four Seasons. Benedetto Marcello (1686–1739): musician and writer. SOME PHOTOS AND HISTORICAL POSTCARDS OF VENICE

THE HISTORY OF VERONA The ancient origins Verona has very ancient origins. The first human settlements date back to the Neolithic, especially on the San Pietro hill. Over time, the area was inhabited by the Etruscans, Celts and finally by the Romans, who in the 1st century BC transformed Verona into a strategic colony. Its position at the crossroads of important consular roads made it a leading commercial and military center in northern Italy. The Roman Age During Roman rule, Verona experienced a period of great splendor. The Arena was built (1st century AD), still one of the best preserved amphitheatres in the world, used for gladiatorial games and shows. The Roman Theatre, the Arco dei Gavi and Porta Borsari also date back to this period. The Latin poet Catullus, probably born in Sirmione but often associated with Verona, represents the literary soul of this era. . The Middle Ages and the Scaligeri After the fall of the Roman Empire, Verona was ruled by the Goths, the Lombards and then the Franks. In the 11th century it became a free municipality, but its real golden age came in the 13th century with the rule of the Della Scala (Scaligeri) family. Under Cangrande I della Scala, Verona flourished artistically and politically. Castelvecchio, the Ponte Scaligero and the Arche Scaligere were built. During this period, Dante also found hospitality at the Veronese court. The Venetian era (1405–1797) In 1405 Verona voluntarily submitted to the Republic of Venice. The Serenissima guaranteed stability and development, making Verona one of the most important fortified cities of the Venetian dominion. The great Renaissance gates (such as Porta Nuova) and numerous noble palaces date back to this period. Culture prospered and the city remained economically alive thanks to trade and craftsmanship. Modern Age and Austrian Domination After the fall of Venice in 1797, Verona passed first to Napoleon, then to the Austrian Empire. It was one of the four fortresses of the military “Quadrilateral” together with Mantua, Legnago and Peschiera. The city developed as a strategic place, full of soldiers and barracks. Verona remained under Habsburg control until 1866, when it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after the third war of independence. Verona united with Italy With the Unification of Italy, Verona became part of the Kingdom and then of the Republic. The city modernized, grew industrially and, over time, also became an important cultural center. During the Second World War, it suffered severe bombings but was able to get back up, proudly preserving its historic center and Roman and medieval architectural heritage. Famous people born in Verona Catullus: Latin poet, among the first authors of personal love poetry. Paolo Veronese: Renaissance painter, famous in Venice and Europe. Emilio Salgari: adventure writer (creator of Sandokan). Ippolito Pindemonte: poet and translator, close to the ideals of the Enlightenment. Gigliola Cinquetti: singer, winner of the Sanremo Festival 1964. Ivana Spagna: pop and dance singer. Amadeus: well-known television and radio host. Lorenzo Fontana: current president of the Chamber of Deputies. SOME PHOTOS AND HISTORICAL POSTCARDS OF VERONA

THE HISTORY OF VERONA The ancient origins Verona has very ancient origins. The first human settlements date back to the Neolithic, especially on the San Pietro hill. Over time, the area was inhabited by the Etruscans, Celts and finally by the Romans, who in the 1st century BC transformed Verona into a strategic colony. Its position at the crossroads of important consular roads made it a leading commercial and military center in northern Italy. The Roman Age During Roman rule, Verona experienced a period of great splendor. The Arena was built (1st century AD), still one of the best preserved amphitheatres in the world, used for gladiatorial games and shows. The Roman Theatre, the Arco dei Gavi and Porta Borsari also date back to this period. The Latin poet Catullus, probably born in Sirmione but often associated with Verona, represents the literary soul of this era. . The Middle Ages and the Scaligeri After the fall of the Roman Empire, Verona was ruled by the Goths, the Lombards and then the Franks. In the 11th century it became a free municipality, but its real golden age came in the 13th century with the rule of the Della Scala (Scaligeri) family. Under Cangrande I della Scala, Verona flourished artistically and politically. Castelvecchio, the Ponte Scaligero and the Arche Scaligere were built. During this period, Dante also found hospitality at the Veronese court. The Venetian era (1405–1797) In 1405 Verona voluntarily submitted to the Republic of Venice. The Serenissima guaranteed stability and development, making Verona one of the most important fortified cities of the Venetian dominion. The great Renaissance gates (such as Porta Nuova) and numerous noble palaces date back to this period. Culture prospered and the city remained economically alive thanks to trade and craftsmanship. Modern Age and Austrian Domination After the fall of Venice in 1797, Verona passed first to Napoleon, then to the Austrian Empire. It was one of the four fortresses of the military “Quadrilateral” together with Mantua, Legnago and Peschiera. The city developed as a strategic place, full of soldiers and barracks. Verona remained under Habsburg control until 1866, when it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after the third war of independence. Verona united with Italy With the Unification of Italy, Verona became part of the Kingdom and then of the Republic. The city modernized, grew industrially and, over time, also became an important cultural center. During the Second World War, it suffered severe bombings but was able to get back up, proudly preserving its historic center and Roman and medieval architectural heritage. Famous people born in Verona Catullus: Latin poet, among the first authors of personal love poetry. Paolo Veronese: Renaissance painter, famous in Venice and Europe. Emilio Salgari: adventure writer (creator of Sandokan). Ippolito Pindemonte: poet and translator, close to the ideals of the Enlightenment. Gigliola Cinquetti: singer, winner of the Sanremo Festival 1964. Ivana Spagna: pop and dance singer. Amadeus: well-known television and radio host. Lorenzo Fontana: current president of the Chamber of Deputies. SOME PHOTOS AND HISTORICAL POSTCARDS OF VERONA

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